Emerging techniques for enhancing the practical application of city logistics models

Abstract

This paper presents a review of emerging techniques for enhancing the practical application of city logistics models. A number of models have been applied to practical problems for evaluating policy measures of city logistics. These models can be categorised into two types: optimisation models, and simulation models. Optimisation models incorporate dynamic and stochastic elements, since the real urban freight transport faces varying demands and travel times. Simulation models typically use multi-agent systems, as multiple stakeholders are involved in planning city logistics schemes. Evaluation methodology is directly related to decision making of policy measures. Models for supporting decisi..