Depressive symptoms and age-related macular degeneration in older people: The cardiovascular health study

Abstract

Purpose: To examine the association between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and depressive symptoms. Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional study. A total of 2,194 persons aged 69-97 years were included in the current analyses. During the 1997-1998 examination, retinal photography from one randomly selected eye was graded for presence of early and late AMD using a modified Wisconsin AMD by Grading System. Depressive symptoms were assessed via a modified version of the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale annually from 1989 through 1997-1998. Depressive symptoms were defined as a CES-D score of > 9 (top quartile of CES-D score) at the 1997-1998 examination. Re..